Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the CNS characterized by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, with demyelination and axonal degeneration in the brain and spinal cord, leading to severe neurological disability
Microglia cells are activated during MS and this contributes significantly to the induction of demyelination and progressive axonal injury in MS . In addition, activated microglia impairs glutamate transport in astrocytes, and thus, promote neuronal and oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity
In MS, upon activation, microglia release MVs which have a role in cellular communication and propagation of inflammation
Understanding MVs in MS will enable to identify novel biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of responsiveness to pharmacological treatments of MS patients.

Dementia is a chronic syndrome in which there is deterioration in cognitive function beyond what might be expected from normal ageing. It affects memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgement.

Migraine is usually a moderate or severe headache felt as a throbbing pain on one side of the head.
Migraine affects around 1 in every 5 women and around 1 in every 15 men worldwide. Migraines can severely affect your quality of life and stop you carrying out your normal daily activities.
The exact cause of migraines is unknown and there is currently no cure for migraines.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness for people over the age of 60. It can occur at any age but is more common in older adults.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more serious decline of dementia. It's characterized by problems with memory, language, thinking or judgment.